ABSTRACT Cheese bread presents great acceptance and market expansion. Due to the lack of standardization in its manufacturing, various ingredients can be added. It was aimed to determine the content of minerals, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in cheese bread enriched with biofortified cowpea. Two formulations were prepared, standard cheese bread (without cowpea) and enriched cheese bread. The minerals were analyzed using the plasma emission spectrometry technique with inductive coupling, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were determined by spectrophotometry and the amines by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. All analyzes were performed in triplicate and for the comparison of the means between two variables, Student's t-test was applied and for multiple comparisons, the Tukey test. It was observed that the enriched cheese bread is source of copper, zinc and sodium and presents high content of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, considering the recommendations for the children's audience. The concentrations of total phenolics, flavonoids and condensed tannins increased significantly with the introduction of cowpea. It was also observed an significant increase of spermidine, cadaverine and agmatine. The antioxidant activity was statistically higher in enriched cheese bread. It is concluded, therefore, that cheese bread with cowpea contributes to the supply of minerals and bioactive compounds.

ABSTRACT Grape juices have been valued due to their potential health benefits, which have demanded increased grape productivity and quality. Five grape cultivars grown in Brazil, Isabel Precoce, Carmem, Violeta, Concord and Bordo were evaluated in 2013 and 2014 seasons for bioactive components and also for juice processing quality traits. Production cycle was the longest for Carmem but lower and similar for Violeta, Isabel, Bordo and Concord. Isabel showed higher productivity (5.4 kg∙plant-1) but lowest soluble solids content (16.9 °Brix), anthocyanins (26.7 mg∙100 g-1) and total phenolics (110.7 mg∙100 g-1). The highest anthocyanins contents were observed in Violeta (189.9 mg∙100 g-1) and Bordo (133.8 mg∙100 g-1). These cultivars were also rich in phenolics (356.1 and 239.5 mg∙100 g-1, respectively). The highest anthocyanin and total phenolics concentrations were found in Violeta juice (2.68 and 6.33 g∙L-1) followed by Bordo (1.44 and 2.86 g∙L-1). Isabel juice had the lowest content, 0.14 and 1.29 g∙L-1, respectively. Biogenic amines were found at low concentrations only in the juices. Putrescine and spermidine were the major amines detected in juices. Phenylethylamine was detected only in Bordo juice from 2013 season and tryptamine was detected only in 2014 season. Blends were preferred over varietal juices except for Carmem.

RESUMO O presente estudo visou avaliar a influência do cozimento no conteúdo de compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante nos grãos de cultivares de feijão-caupi. As análises foram realizadas em cultivares cruas e após o cozimento em panela de pressão doméstica. Para os compostos bioativos, o grão da cultivar BRS Aracê apresentou os maiores conteúdos de compostos fenólicos totais antes (205,10 mg/100 g + 2,89) e após (150,62 mg/100 g + 2,64) o cozimento (p<0,05). Foram identificadas as poliaminas espermina e espermidina nas cultivares (mg/kg), destacando-se a BRS Milênio no grão cru com 120,5 e no grão cozido de 50,4, e BRS Tumucumaque no grão cru de 116,2 e no grão cozido de 47,9, com perdas significativas (p<0,05) após o cozimento. Não foi detectada a presença de antocianinas e flavonóis nos grãos das cultivares. Para a atividade antioxidante, observaram-se comportamentos diferenciados para cada grão das cultivares nos dois métodos avaliados. Antes do cozimento, o grão da cultivar BRS Aracê apresentou maior atividade antioxidante pelos dois métodos avaliados (µmol TEAC/100 g) 614,7+ 5,43 (DPPH) e 660,1 + 7,98 (ABTS). O grão da cultivar BRS Xiquexique exibiu elevada atividade antioxidante de 419.8 ± 6.80 e o grão da cultivar BRS Milênio de 552.1 ± 4.78, após o cozimento. Foi constatada forte correlação entre a atividade antioxidante e o teor de fenólicos e flavonoides totais. Concluiu-se que após o processamento, os grãos das cultivares mantiveram características nutritivas e funcionais relevantes, recomendando-se o consumo do feijão-caupi com o caldo de cocção para retenção de compostos com propriedades antioxidantes.

ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the effect of cooking on the levels of bioactives compounds and antioxidant activity in grains cowpea cultivars. The analysis were performed on the raw samples and after cooking in pressure cooker. Regarding the bioactive compounds present, the grain cultivar BRS Aracê exhibited the highest levels of total phenolic compounds (mg/100 g) both before and after cooking, 205.10 ± 2.89 and 150.62 ± 2.64, respectively. Spermine and spermidine were identified in the cultivars (mg/kg) BRS Milênio in the amount of 120.5 in crude and 50.4 in cooked grain, in the BRS Tumucumaque in the amount of 116.2 in crude and 47.9 in cooked grain, exhibited significant losses of these compounds after cooking. It was not detected the presence of anthocyanins and flavonoids in the grain cultivars. For the antioxidant activity were observed different behaviors for each grain cultivar in the two methods evaluated. The grain cultivar BRS Aracê presented the highest antioxidant activity before cooking according to both methods tested (µmol TEAC/100 g), 614.7 ± 5.43 (DPPH) and 660.1 ± 7.98 (ABTS). The grain cultivar BRS Xiquexique 419.8 ± 6.80 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and the grain cultivar BRS Milênio 552.1 ± 4.78 after cooking. A strong correlation between the antioxidant activity and phenolic content and total flavonoid was found. It is concluded that the grains cultivars maintained important nutritional and functional characteristics following processing, recommending that the cowpea consumption with broth cooking for retaining compounds with antioxidant properties.

Avaliaram-se as características químicas de milho verde cultivado em sistemas de produção orgânico e convencional. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 × 2, com quatro cultivares (AG 1051, BR 106, SWB 551 e VIVI) em dois sistemas de cultivo (orgânico e convencional), duas ou três repetições. Os parâmetros físico-químicos analisados foram cor, composição centesimal, valor energético total, teor de carotenoides e aminas bioativas. O sistema de produção tem influência sobre as características químicas do milho verde, mas esse efeito é na maioria dos casos específico para cada cultivar. Pode-se generalizar que os grãos advindos de culturas orgânicas apresentam tom mais avermelhado (a*) e maiores teores de β-caroteno, sendo possível que esses dois atributos estejam relacionados. Além disso, milho verde orgânico tem maior teor de carboidratos e teor energético. Em contrapartida, o teor de fibras foi mais alto no cultivo convencional, e esse dado inesperado merece maior investigação. Os teores das aminas bioativas acadaverina e espermina não foram afetados pelo sistema de produção ou cultivar.

The present study aimed to evaluate the chemical properties of green corn, grown in both organic and conventional farming systems, using a completely randomized factorial design. Four corn varieties (AG 1051, BR 106, SWB 551 and VIVI) of green corn kernels were evaluated for color, proximate composition, total calories, carotenoids and bioactive amines. The farming system affected some chemical and physical characteristics of green corn, but this effect was dependent upon variety. In general, organic green corn kernels were reddish (a* color component) and had higher levels of β-carotene compared to the conventional ones, suggesting that these characteristics are related. Moreover, organic green corn had higher levels of total carbohydrates and total energy compared to conventional varieties. On the other hand, crude fiber levels were higher in conventional grains - an unexpected result that deserves further investigation. Finally, the levels of cadaverine and spermine bioactive amines were not affected either by the corn variety or by the farming system.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito preventivo do butirato de sódio no surgimento de focos de cripta aberrante (FCA) em ratos após a indução com o carcinógeno 1,2-dimetilhidrazina. MÉTODOS: Quarenta ratos foram divididos em quatro grupos, com dez animais em cada. Os grupos controle 1 e butirato 1 ficaram em experimentação por 4 semanas e os grupos controle 2 e butirato 2 por oito semanas. Nas primeiras quatro semanas, os animais dos grupos controle receberam água ad libitum e os animais dos grupos butirato receberam solução de butirato de sódio (3,4%) ad libitum. Em todos os animais foram aplicadas quatro injeções subcutâneas da droga 1,2-dimetilhidrazina nas duas primeiras semanas, concomitante a administração do butirato de sódio. Foi retirado o intestino grosso dos animais, para análise dos FCA e do teor de poliaminas. As fezes dos animais foram recolhidas para análise do perfil de AGCC. RESULTADOS: A espermidina apresentou maior concentração no grupo butirato 2 em relação ao grupo controle 2. Foi encontrada diferença significativa no valor da concentração de acetato quando comparado os grupos controle 2 e butirato 2. CONCLUSÃO: A utilização do butirato de sódio concomitante à indução do câncer colorretal não se mostrou efetiva na prevenção da progressão da doença.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the preventive effect of sodium butyrate in the appearance of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in rats after induction with the carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). METHODS: Forty Wistar rats were separated into four groups (n=10) distributed as follows: control 1, control 2, butyrate 1 and butyrate 2. The groups control 1 and butyrate 1 remained under experimentation for 4 weeks, while the groups control 2 and butyrate 2 remained for 8 weeks. In the first four weeks, the animals of the control groups received water ad libitum and the animals of the butyrate groups received a sodium butyrate solution (3.4%) ad libitum. Injections of the drug 1,2-dimethylhydrazine were applied during the two first weeks of the experiment in all the animals, concurrently with the application of sodium butyrate. The large intestine of the animals was removed, for the analysis of the ACF and of the content of polyamines. The animal feces were collected for the analysis of the SCFA profile. RESULTS: The spermidine presented a higher concentration in the group butyrate 2 in comparison to the group control 2. There was a significant difference in the concentration value (µmol/mL) of acetate in comparison to the groups control 2 and butyrate 2. CONCLUSION: The use of sodium butyrate together with the induction of colorectal cancer was not effective in the prevention of the disease progression.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana da cúrcuma em pó, da curcumina disponível no comércio, dos pigmentos curcuminóides purificados e dos óleos essenciais da cúrcuma. As amostras foram analisadas quanto aos teores de pigmentos curcuminóides por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. O óleo essencial foi também analisado quanto à densidade, índice de refração e perfil das substâncias voláteis por cromatografia gasosa e detector de ionização de chamas. A atividade antimicrobiana in vitro foi determinada pelo método de difusão em ágar com discos de papel estéreis, impregnados com os extratos, sendo os diâmetros dos halos de inibição medidos com paquímetro. Os extratos etanólicos da cúrcuma, da curcumina comercial, e dos pigmentos curcumina e desmetoxicurcumina não inibiram o crescimento de Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella choleraesuis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, e Candida albicans. Apenas o extrato etanólico da bisdesmetoxicurcumina apresentou atividade antimicrobiana em relação ao B. subtilis. O óleo essencial da cúrcuma apresentou atividade antimicrobiana para o B. subtilis, S. choleraesuis, E. coli, A. niger e S. cerevisiae, sendo que essa atividade aumentou em função do aumento da concentração. Os halos de inibição, obtidos com o óleo essencial, foram significativos, quando comparados aos respectivos antibióticos tradicionais, cloranfenicol e anfotericina, indicando ser o óleo essencial da cúrcuma um agente antimicrobiano em potencial.

The objective of this work was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of ground turmeric, commercially available curcumin, purified curcuminoid pigments and turmeric essential oils. The samples were analyzed for the levels of curcuminoid pigments by high performance liquid chromatography. The essential oil was also analyzed for density, refractive index and profile of volatile compounds by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. The in vitro antimicrobial activity was determined by the agar diffusion method using sterile disks impregnated with the extracts and the diameters of the inhibition zones were measured using a caliper. The ethanolic extracts of turmeric, commercial curcumin, and the purified pigments curcumin and demethoxycurcumin did not inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella choleraesuis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Candida albicans. Only the ethanolic extract of bisdemethoxycurcumin showed in vitro antimicrobial activity on B. subtilis. The essential oil of turmeric inhibited the growth of B. subtilis, S. choleraesuis, E. coli, A. niger and S. cerevisiae. The antimicrobial activity increased with an increase in the concentration of the essential oil. The inhibitory effects on the microorganisms were significant when compared to the respective traditional antibiotics chloranphenicol and anphotericin. This result indicates that the essential oil from turmeric is a potential antimicrobial agent.

A simple, specific and sensitive GC-MS procedure with ion m/z 62 was validated for the determination of ethyl carbamate (EC) in spirits. It exhibited linearity over the concentration of 30 to 600 μg/L with 30 μg/L limit of quantification. EC was detected in 70 of the 71 samples analyzed with levels from 33 to 2609 μg/L (mean level = 893 μg/L). 35% of the samples contained 500 to 1000 μg/L and 23% contained 150 to 500 and 1000 to 1500 μg/L. No significant correlation was found between EC and the levels of copper, pH and alcohol content of the samples.

The objective of this work was to investigate if producers of sugar cane spirits in Minas Gerais, Brazil, have improved the copper content of their products and also if they have adjusted to the new standards of identity for 'cachaça' and 'aguardente'. Seventy-one samples, obtained from May 2003 until March 2004, were analyzed. Mean copper content was 2.30 mg/L, which indicates a significant reduction in levels. The mean alcohol content was 45.6 % v/v. All of the 'aguardente' but only 79% of the 'cachaça' attended to the standard of identity for alcohol content for these products.

Os teores de aminas bioativas e as características físico-químicas de Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc e Merlot da região de Bento Gonçalves, RS, safra de 1999, foram analisados. As características físico-químicas variaram significativamente: pH de 3,80 a 4,07; acidez total de 67,7 a 85,3 meq/L, teor alcoólico de 11,45 a 12,46 mL/100 mL e SO2 total de 9,6 a 102 mg/L. Seis aminas estavam presentes em todas as amostras - espermidina, putrescina, histamina, tiramina, serotonina e feniletilamina. Os teores totais de aminas variaram de 2,03 a 7,60 mg/L. Putrescina foi a amina predominante, contribuindo com 20 a 66% do total. O perfil de aminas foi mais afetado pela vinícola do que pelo tipo de uva. Houve correlação significativa entre aminas e também entre aminas e parâmetros físico-químicos. Os teores de histamina detectados são inferiores aos limites máximos estipulados para o vinho em outros países.

The levels of ten bioactive amines and the physico-chemical characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc and Merlot wines from Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil, vintage of 1999 were investigated. The physico-chemical characteristics varied significantly: pH from 3.80 to 4.07, total acidity from 67.7 to 85.3 meq/L, alcohol content from 11.45 to 12.46 mL/100 mL and total SO2 from 9.6 to 102 mg/L. Six amines were detected in every sample - spermidine, putrescine, histamine, tyramine, serotonine and phenylethylamine. Total amine levels ranged from 2.03 to 7.60 mg/L. Putrescine was the prevalent amine, contributing with 20 to 66% of total levels. The amine profile and total levels were affected to a greater extent by vinification practices compared to grape type. There was significant correlation between some amines and also between amines and the physico-chemical parameters. Histamine levels were well below limits recommended by several countries.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a rotulagem e a qualidade físico-química e microbiológica de queijo ralado. Amostras foram coletadas em Belo Horizonte, MG, no período de dezembro de 1999 a maio de 2001 - 18 marcas diferentes, cada uma constituída de cinco amostras de um mesmo lote. Os teores de umidade variaram de 10,16 a 28,40g/100g, sendo que 33% das amostras não atenderam à legislação. A atividade de água variou de 0,579 a 0,889. Os valores de pH variaram de 4,78 a 5,62. Os aditivos pesquisados, nitrato de sódio, nitrito de sódio e ácido sórbico variaram de 5,11 a 159,1mg/kg, de não detectado a 129,2mg/kg e de não detectado a 2401,8mg/kg, respectivamente. Valores superiores aos estipulados pela legislação para nitrato de sódio foram encontrados em 17% e para ácido sórbico em 56% das amostras. De um modo geral, apenas 22% das amostras estariam de acordo com a legislação vigente com relação aos parâmetros fisico-químicos. Não foi detectada a presença de Salmonella sp/25g, Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e coliformes a 45°C, o que corresponde a 100% de atendimento à legislação vigente. Entretanto, em uma amostra foi detectada a presença de 105 UFC/g de bolores e leveduras.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the label and the physico-chemical and microbiological quality of grated cheese. Samples (18 different brands, 5 samples of each lot) were purchased in Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil from December 1999 until may 2001. The moisture content varied from 10.16 to 28.40g/100g. 33% of the samples did not comply with Brazilian legislation. Water activity ranged from 0.579 to 0.889. pH values ranged from 4.85 to 5.61. The food additives investigated, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite and sorbic acid varied from 5.11 to 159.1mg/kg, from not detected to 129.2mg/kg and from not detected to 2401.8mg/kg, respectively. Levels higher than those established by Brazilian legislation were observed in 16.7% of the samples for sodium nitrate and 55.6% for sorbic acid. Overall, only 22.2% of the samples analyzed were in compliance with the Brazilian legislation. The presence of Salmonella sp/25g, coagulase positive Staphylococcus and coliforms at 45°C were not detected, thus, 100% of the analyzed samples being in accordance with the Brazilian legislation. However, 105CFU/g of molds was detected in one sample.

Análise química de cúrcuma (Curcuma longa L) provenientes de oito municípios do Estado de Minas Gerais - Brasil foi efetuada. Os teores (base seca) de pigmentos curcuminóides variaram de 1,4 a 6,14 g/100 g e os de óleo volátil, de 0,97 a 7,55 mL/100 g. Amostras de Patrocínio, Arinos e Brasilândia continham os maiores teores de pigmentos e as de Patrocínio os maiores teores de óleos voláteis. Os teores médios (base seca) de extrato etéreo, proteínas, fibras, cinzas e amido encontrados foram 8,51; 7,01; 7,22; 7,81 e 39,87 g/100 g, respectivamente. Com o objetivo de obter corante amarelo isento de flavor, métodos de extração em laboratório foram comparados em triplicata. Um maior rendimento de pigmento na oleoresina foi obtido extraindo-se o óleo volátil com vapor d'água e a oleoresina com etanol. A oleoresina obtida é isenta de flavor e pode ser utilizada em um número maior de aplicações na indústria alimentícia

Chemical analysis of turmeric (Curcuma longa L) cultivated in eight different cities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil was carried out. The levels of curcuminoid pigments varied from 1.4 to 6.14 g/100 g and of volatile oil from 0.97 to 7.55 mL/100 g (dry basis). Samples from Patrocínio, Arinos and Brasilândia contained higher pigment levels compared to the others. The sample from Patrocínio contained the highest volatile oil content. The mean levels of ethyl ether extract, protein, fiber, ash and starch were 8.51, 7.01, 7.22, 7.81 and 39.87 g/100 g dry basis, respectively. Laboratory extraction of flavour free oleoresin was performed in triplicate. A higher yield of pigment in the oleoresin was obtained when the volatile oil was extracted with water vapor and the oleoresin with ethanol. The oleoresin obtained was free of flavour and could be used in a wider range of food applications.